Shunt equation

The Shunt equation (also known as the Berggren equation) quantifies the extent to which venous blood bypasses oxygenation in the capillaries of the lung. “Shunt” and “dead space“ are terms used to describe conditions where either blood flow or ventilation do not interact with each other in the lung, as they should for efficient gas exchange to take place. These terms can also be used to describe areas or effects where blood flow and ventilation are not properly matched, though both may be present to varying degrees. Some references refer to “shunt-effect” or “dead space-effect” to designate the ventilation/perfusion mismatch states that are less extreme than absolute shunt or dead space.

The following equation relates the percentage of blood flow that is not exposed to inhaled gas, called the shunt fraction $Q_{s}/Q_{t}$ , to the content of oxygen in venous, arterial, and pulmonary capillary blood.

Q_{s}/Q_{t}=(Cc_{O_{2}}-Ca_{O_{2}})/(Cc_{O_{2}}-Cv_{O_{2}})

^[1]^[2]

Where:

Q_s = Pulmonary Physiologic Shunt (mL/min)

Q_t = Cardiac Output (mL/min)

C_CO2 = End-pulmonary-capillary Oxygen Content

C_aO2 = Arterial oxygen content

C_VO2 = Mixed Venous Oxygen Content

Derivation

The blood entering the pulmonary system will have oxygen flux $Q_{t}\cdot Cv_{O_{2}}$ , where $Cv_{O_{2}}$ is oxygen content of the venous blood and $Q_{t}$ is the total cardiac output.

Similarly, the blood emerging from the pulmonary system will have oxygen flux $Q_{t}\cdot Ca_{O_{2}}$ , where $Ca_{O_{2}}$ is oxygen content of the arterial blood.

This will be made up of blood which bypassed the lungs ( $Q_{s}$ ) and blood which went through the pulmonary capillaries ( $Q_{c}$ ). We can express this as
$Q_{t}=Q_{s}+Q_{c}$ .

We can solve for $Q_{c}$ :
$Q_{c}=Q_{t}-Q_{s}$ .

If we add the oxygen content of Q_s to Q_c we get the oxygen content of Q_t:

$Q_{t}\cdot Ca_{O_{2}}=Q_{s}\cdot Cv_{O_{2}}+(Q_{t}-Q_{s})\cdot Cc_{O_{2}}$
Substitute Q_c as above, C_CO2 is the oxygen content of pulmonary alveolar capillary blood (i.e. End-pulmonary-capillary Oxygen Content).

$Q_{t}\cdot Ca_{O_{2}}=Qs\cdot Cv_{O_{2}}+Q_{t}\cdot Cc_{O_{2}}-Qs\cdot Cc_{O_{2}}$
Multiply out the brackets.
$Q_{s}\cdot Cc_{O_{2}}-Qs\cdot Cv_{O_{2}}=Q_{t}\cdot Cc_{O_{2}}-Qt\cdot Ca_{O_{2}}$
Get the Q_s terms and the Q_t terms on the same side.
$Q_{s}\cdot (Cc_{O_{2}}-Cv_{O_{2}})=Q_{t}\cdot (Cc_{O_{2}}-Ca_{O_{2}})$
Factor out the Q terms.

${\dfrac {Q_{s}}{Q_{t}}}={\dfrac {Cc_{O_{2}}-Ca_{O_{2}}}{Cc_{O_{2}}-Cv_{O_{2}}}}$
Divide by Q_t and by (C_CO2 - C_VO2).

Shunt calculation (Qp:Qs ratio) using the Fick principle

The above equation requires measurement of the end-pulmonary-capillary oxygen content (Cc_O2) which is difficult to obtain and it is assumed to be equal to the alveolar oxygen content.^[3] This is based on the assumption that, if an alveolus is receiving air, then it is perfectly oxygenated. The following equation, provides the ratio of the pulmonary blood flow divided by the systemic blood flow and relates to any type of shunt (intracardiac or extracardiac) using variables that can be easily attained in a cardiac catheterization laboratory. Note that the abbreviations are different from the aforementioned equation to reflect the most widely used terminology in cardiovascular medicine.

$Qp:Qs={\frac {PVO2-MVO2}{PV02-PA02}}$

Where:

Qp = Pulmonary flow (mL/min)

Qs = Systemic flow (mL/min)

PA02 = Pulmonary Artery oxygen saturation (measured directly)

MV02 = Mixed Venous oxygen saturation before the shunt (calculated from the inferior and superior vena cava saturation using the Flamm formula). Note that, since we may have an intracardiac shunt, the PA02 may not the same as the MV02

PV02 = Pulmonary Vein oxygen saturation (measured directly with wedge saturation)

Derivation

Based on the Fick principle:

{\text{Cardiac Output}}={\frac {\text{oxygen consumption}}{\text{arteriovenous oxygen difference}}}

By applying the Fick principle for the systemic and pulmonary flow, we can calculate the Qs and Qp as follows:

Qs = systemic oxygen consumption / (Pulmonary Vein oxygen content - Mixed Venous oxygen content)

Qp = pulmonary oxygen consumption / (Pulmonary Artery oxygen content - Pulmonary Vein oxygen content)

The pulmonary oxygen consumption is the net effect of the oxygen that the lung provides to the blood from the atmosphere minus the oxygen that is consumed by the lungs to keep them functional. Since all our oxygen is provided to our body form our lungs, the systemic oxygen consumption is the opposite number of the pulmonary oxygen consumption. We can formulate this as follows:

pulmonary oxygen consumption = -1 * systemic oxygen consumption

In the Qp formula above, let us substitute pulmonary oxygen consumption for systemic oxygen consumption:

Qp = pulmonary oxygen consumption / (Pulmonary Artery oxygen content - Pulmonary Vein oxygen content) = -1 * systemic oxygen consumption / (Pulmonary Artery oxygen content - Pulmonary Vein oxygen content) <=>

Qp = systemic oxygen consumption / (Pulmonary Vein oxygen content - Pulmonary Artery oxygen content)

Now we can divide Qp/Qs and the equation simplifies as the systemic oxygen consumption term cancels out:

${\text{Qp:Qs}}={\frac {\text{Pulmonary vein oxygen content - Mixed venous oxygen content}}{\text{Pulmonary vein oxygen content - Pulmonary artery oxygen content}}}$

Oxygen content is difficult to measure but we can easily measure oxygen saturation. Using the fact that each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 mL of O2, the oxygen content of the blood (either arterial or venous) can be estimated by the following formula: ${\text{Oxygen Content of blood}}=\left[{\text{Hb}}\right]\left({\text{g/dl}}\right)\ \times \ 1.34\left({\text{mL}}\ {\ce {O2}}/{\text{g of Hb}}\right)\times \ O_{2}^{\text{saturation fraction}}+\ 0.0032\ \times \ P_{{\ce {O2}}}({\text{torr}})$ PO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen and reflects the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in the blood. The term 0.0032 * P02 in the equation is very small and therefore negligible. In other words, very little oxygen is transferred diluted in the blood; the vast majority of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin. This term can be omitted and the oxygen content of blood equation simplifies into the following:

Oxygen content of blood = [Hb](gr/dl) * 1.34(ml02/gr of Hb) * Oxygen saturation

Let's call the [Hb](gr/dl) * 1.34(ml02/gr of Hb) a constant variable x, therefore:

Mixed Venous oxygen content = [Hb](gr/dl) * 1.34(ml02/gr of Hb) * MV02 = x * MV02

Pulmonary artery oxygen content = [Hb](gr/dl) * 1.34(ml02/gr of Hb) * PA02 = x * PA02

Pulmonary vein oxygen content = [Hb](gr/dl) * 1.34(ml02/gr of Hb) * PV02 = x * PV02

Using the above, we can substitute the oxygen content with oxygen consumption in the Qp / Qs formula as follows:

Qp / Qs = (Pulmonary Vein oxygen content - Mixed Venous oxygen content) / (Pulmonary Vein oxygen content - Pulmonary Artery oxygen content) <=>

Qp / Qs = (x * PV02 - x * MV02) / (x * PV02 - x * PA02) <=>

Qp / Qs = [x * (PV02 - MV02)] / [x * (PV02 - PA02)] <=>

Qp / Qs = (PV02 - MV02) / (PV02 - PA02)

Echocardiographic shunt calculation

In echocardiography, we can measure the Velocity Time Integral (VTI). This is a clinical Doppler ultrasound measurement of blood flow, equivalent to the area under the velocity time curve. Based on the Bernoulli equation for incompressible fluids, the product of VTI (cm/stroke) and the cross sectional area of any cardiac structure (cm²) yields a stroke volume (cm³/stroke), which can be used to calculate cardiac output.

Qp = VTI_RVOT × π × (d_RVOT / 2)² <=> Qp = VTI_RVOT × 0.785 × d_RVOT²

Qs = VTI_LVOT × π × (d_LVOT / 2)² <=> Qs = VTI_LVOT × 0.785 × d_LVOT²

Where:

d_RVOT - Right ventricular outflow tract diameter

VTI_RVOT - Velocity time integral of the right ventricular outflow tract before the pulmonary valve

d_LVOT - Left ventricular outflow tract diameter

VTI_LVOT - Velocity time integral of left ventricular outflow tract before the aortic valve

π – The constant π as, for ease of calculations, we theorize that the cross sectional area is almost circular

Based on the above, a shunt can be quantified by measuring the flow ratio of the pulmonary cardiac output (Qp) to the systemic cardiac output (Qs).

Qp/Qs = (VTI_RVOT × 0.785 × d_RVOT²) / (VTI_LVOT × 0.785 × d_LVOT²) <=>

Qp/Qs = (VTI_RVOT × d_RVOT²) / (VTI_LVOT × d_LVOT²)

References

^ West, John B. (2008). "Figure 5.3 Measurement of shunt flow". Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials (8th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7817-7206-8.
^ Leigh, J.M.; Tikrell, M.F.; Strickland, D.A. P. (1969-04-01). "Simplified Versions of the Shunt and Oxygen Consumption Equations". Anesthesiology. 30 (4): 468–470. doi:10.1097/00000542-196904000-00020. PMID 5773959.
^ Stark, Ryan J.; Shekerdemian, Lara S. (July 2013). "Estimating intracardiac and extracardiac shunting in the setting of complex congenital heart disease". Annals of Pediatric Cardiology. 6 (2): 145–151. doi:10.4103/0974-2069.115259. ISSN 0974-2069. PMC 3957443. PMID 24688231.

[1] West, John B. (2008). "Figure 5.3 Measurement of shunt flow". Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials (8th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7817-7206-8.

[2] Leigh, J.M.; Tikrell, M.F.; Strickland, D.A. P. (1969-04-01). "Simplified Versions of the Shunt and Oxygen Consumption Equations". Anesthesiology. 30 (4): 468–470. doi:10.1097/00000542-196904000-00020. PMID 5773959.

[3] Stark, Ryan J.; Shekerdemian, Lara S. (July 2013). "Estimating intracardiac and extracardiac shunting in the setting of complex congenital heart disease". Annals of Pediatric Cardiology. 6 (2): 145–151. doi:10.4103/0974-2069.115259. ISSN 0974-2069. PMC 3957443. PMID 24688231.

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v t e Respiratory physiology
Respiration	breath inhalation exhalation obligate nasal breathing respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation
Control	pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering–Breuer reflex
Lung volumes	VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1/FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout
Circulation	pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt
Interactions	ventilation (V) Perfusion (Q) Ventilation/perfusion ratio V/Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar–arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation 2,3-BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect) carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity (DLCO)
Insufficiency	high altitude death zone oxygen toxicity hypoxia

Derivation

Shunt calculation (Qp:Qs ratio) using the Fick principle

Derivation

Echocardiographic shunt calculation

See also

References